Q: Who are most likely to believe these theories?

Miller: People who are experiencing a significant degree of loss of control right now, people who have lost their jobs, people who all of a sudden have kids at home and are trying to juggle all sorts of things that they're not used to juggling. I would predict that anyone who is feeling a heightened sense of lack of control or uncertainty in the face of this global pandemic would be more likely to potentially go to conspiracy theories as a way to sort of regain some of that control.

In addition to uncertainty, there’s also a political aspect to COVID-19 conspiracy theories. In this case, we've got a president who's a Republican, so we might expect that Republicans right now might have a higher need to protect or bolster their worldview that the president is doing a good job of handling the current situation. I know from some data that I've collected that Republicans are more likely to believe, for example, that the virus was created as a biological weapon in China. But I want to emphasize that those particular beliefs arise from the fact that there's a Republican in office who's being scrutinized with regard to his ability and his effectiveness. If the roles were reversed, and there was a Democrat in the White House, I'd expect that these needs [to gain control and to protect and bolster their worldview] would be more activated for Democrats.

Q: What can we do to combat conspiracy theories, especially those related to COVID-19?

Miller: I don't have any silver bullets here, and I don't have much good news about our ability to convince somebody who believes that particular conspiracy theory to change their mind. I might be able to give you a lot of facts that, from my perspective, are incontrovertible proof that 5G technology isn't spreading this virus. But if that belief helps to make you feel better because it decreases anxiety and decreases loss of control, then you're going to resist any of that factual information that I have. You may believe me for a little while. And then the minute that your anxiety ramps up again, it will wear off. 

We're all susceptible to these types of beliefs. Instead of trying to convince other people not to believe a particular conspiracy theory, one thing we can all do is to prevent the spread of conspiracy theories by saying to ourselves, oh, there's this piece of information that says that this virus is caused by “X” thing, and this is the reason that I'm kind of sort of attracted to that explanation right now. It helps me feel better about the political situation, or it helps me reduce anxiety and uncertainty. If so, maybe we should take a pause before we share it with friends and family on social media. Stop and see if other sources that we trust, even maybe sources that we don't trust, are also talking about that same thing as a potential cause, and really stop and think and remind ourselves that we're all susceptible to these kinds of beliefs. Check the information checker on motives before we spread information that may be then more widely believed and more widely spread.