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Samuel Lee

PHYSICAL THERAPY

Samuel Lee


Associate Professor
slee@udel.edu
 302-831-3011

LICENSURE: 

Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Colorado

 

EDUCATION

University of Pennsylvania

University of Delaware

University of Delaware

Boston University

Post-Doctoral Fellow

PhD

MPT

BS cum laude

1999-2000

1994-1999

1992-1993

1988

Neurorehabilitation

Biomechanics and Movement Sciences/Philosophy

Physical Therapy

Biomedical Engineering

 

Current Appointments

2014 Promotion and tenure to Associate Professor, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
2012-present Affiliated Faculty, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
2010-present Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Therapy and Biomechanics and Movement Science, University of Delaware
2002-present Scientific Staff, Shriners Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA
2000-present Research Associate, Shriners Hospital, Philadelphia, PA
1994-present Contract Physical Therapist, Self-Employed

Professional History

2006-2009 Research Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Therapy and Biomechanics and Movement Science, University of Delaware
2002-2006 Research Scientist, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware
2001-2008 Adjunct Instructor, Department of Physical Therapy, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
1999-2000 Post-Doc Fellow, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
1994-1999 Research Assistant, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware
1994 Staff Physical Therapist, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, MA
1993-1994 Research and Staff Physical Therapist, Whittier Rehabilitation Hospital, Haverhill, MA
1992-1993 Physical Therapist, Self-Employed, DE and Kathy Shapiro Pediatric Physical Therapy, Inc., MD
1993 Pediatric Fellowship, Georgetown University Child Development Center, Washington, D.C.
1992 Teaching Assistant, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware

Honors/Awards

  • “Researcher of the Month,” College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, January 2012.
  • Winner of the “Best Student Paper” (to AM  Tokay).  Tokay AM, McRae CGA, Johnston TE, Lee SCK.  The feasibility of using functional electrical stimulation assisted cycling in children with cerebral palsy.  12th Annual Conference of the International FES Society, Nov 10-14, 2007, Philadelphia, PA.
  • 2003 – Honoree, American Physical Therapy Association , Profiles in Excellence, April, 2003
  • “Best Poster Presentation” for the poster:. Ding J, Lee SCK, Tokay A, Prosser L, Stackhouse S,  Wexler AS, Binder-Macleod SA Modeling Isometric Contractions of Leg Muscles for Children with Cerebral Palsy.  Presented at the 3rd Annual Center for Biomedical Engineering Research Symposium, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 2006.
  • Nominated for the 2005 Gayle G. Arnold Award for Excellence in the Care of Children with Cerebral Palsy for the paper entitled: “Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation and Volitional Isometric Strength Training of the Quadriceps Femoris and Triceps Surae in Children with Spastic Diplegic CP”. Presented at the 58th Annual Meeting of the American Academy for Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, September 29 – October 2, 2004.
  • Mentored Drexel University Senior Design Project: Bohmik M, Ginder M, Kleinberg M, Greising J, Lind D, Lee SCK. Instrumented bicycle pedals for use in a functional electrical stimulation study for children with cerebral palsy.  Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Drexel University, 2003-2004 Academic Year. Research Day, March 4th, 2004. Awarded 1st place project in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department. Awarded 3rd place project ($500) in the overall Drexel Engineering Department competition and a private industry award (Cisco Systems $500).
  • “Best Poster” for the poster: The effects of electrical stimulation vs. volitional strength training on gait in children with cerebral palsy. Gait and Clinical Motion Analysis Society Annual Meeting, Lexington, KY, April, 2004.
  • “Chattanooga Research Award”. American Physical Therapy Association, 2002 for the article: Stackhouse SK, Stevens JE, Pearce KM, Lee SCK, Snyder-Mackler L, Binder-Macleod SA. Maximum voluntary activation in fresh and fatigued muscle of young and elder individuals.  Phys. Ther. May 2001, Phys. Ther. 81:1102-09, 2001.
  • “Outstanding Student Presentation, Muscle Fatigue Poster/Discussion” for the presentation: Maximum Voluntary Recruitment in Fresh and Fatigued Muscle of Young and Elder Individuals.  Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, Experimental Biology 99, Washington, D.C., April 19, 1999.
  • “Top 10 Speaker”.  Annual Biomedical Engineering Project Conference, Boston University, Boston, MA, April, 1988.

Professional Organizations/Societies

  • American Physical Therapy Association
  • American Academy of Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine
  • International Functional Electrical Stimulation Society

Research Interests

My interest is to improve the function of individuals with central nervous system injury through the application of electrical stimulation to activate paralyzed or weakened muscles.  To this end, I am interested in the use of electrical stimulation as a tool to study the physiologic characteristics of muscle and the central and peripheral nervous systems; to be applied as a rehabilitative or training method to improve muscle function and strength; and as a method to produce functional movement (FES) of impaired muscles.

Research Projects & Grants

2014-2016, Shriners Hospitals for Children Grant Application #290164:  Sensor Fusion for Balance Control in Children with CP (3 year directs: Grant # 71002-PHI-14 $543,952).  PI-John Jeka, CoI-Lee (15% effort).

2013-2014, Promoting Clinical and Translational Research Pilot Grant: FES-cycle training targeting post-stroke locomotor recovery. (directs: $86,650), PI – Chris Gregory, CoI/mentor – Lee.

2012-2015, Shriners Hospitals for Children Grant #71011-PHI: Fes to Improve Crouch Gait in CP. PI – Lee (2012-2015; 4 years directs $957,718).

2010-2012, Delaware Health Sciences Alliance Pilot Project: Relationships between Cortical Motor Organization and Response to Exercise Interventions in Children with Cerebral Palsy.  PI – Binder-Macleod (Co-investigators Kesar T, Whittenberg GF, Anzioloti K, Miller F, Duff S). $75,000.

2010-2015, National Institutes of Health.  NICHD/NINR: R01HD062588  FES-Assisted Cycling to Improve Fitness and Strength In Children with CP.  PI – Lee. $2,913,039 (5 years direct and indirect).

2004-2009, National Institutes of Health. NICHD: R01 HD043859:  Strength Training Using NMES for Children with CP. PI – Lee. $1,528,875 (5 years direct and indirect; annual direct costs $202,500).

2008-2011, Shriners Hospitals for Children Grant #9159 Functional Electrical Stimulation Assisted Cycling to Improve Fitness and Strength in Children with Cerebral Palsy.  PI-Lee (first year directs $177,321).

2004-2006, United Cerebral Palsy Foundation. Trabecular Microarchitecture and Geometric Structure of Bone in Children with Cerebral Palsy, PI – Modleski; co-investigator – Lee, $99,882 (2 years direct and indirect; directs 2004 $49,930; 2005 $49,952).

2004- 2007, Shriners Hospitals for Children Grant #8530:  Strength Training Using Electrical Stimulation for Children with Cerebral Palsy. PI – Lee, $362,211 (3 years direct and indirect; directs 2004: $206,977; 2005: $40,350; 2006: $43,430; 2007: $86,778).

Teaching

University of Delaware, Department of Physical Therapy
PHYT633 Applied Physiology II (3 credit course).  Discusses the research on the effects of exercise on the various patient populations (not including cardiopulmonary).  Emphasis is placed on the musculoskeletal system and on exercise prescription and progression.
PHYT634 Electrotherapy (4 credit course and lab).   Provides an understanding of the physiological basis for the use of physical agents and electrotherapy.  Emphasis is placed on patient evaluation and clinical applications of electrical stimulation used in physical therapy clinics.

Temple University, Physical Therapy Department
PT622 Instrumentation and Movement Analysis (3 Credit course including lab).  Instructor FY2001, Co-Instructor FY2005. Current methodology appropriate to the study of human muscle performance and movement.  Both technical and theoretical foundations of instrumentation are included.  Students have opportunities to develop skills in systems calibration, data acquisition, data reduction, and data analyses in laboratory sessions.

Publications

Manuscripts in Review:

  1. Zarkou A, Stackhouse SA, Binder-Macleod, Lee SCK.  Quadriceps Volitional Activation:  A direct comparison of the interpolation and superimposition technique.  Submitted to Med Sci Sport Ex, In Review.
  2. Harrington AT, Lee SCK.  Fitness and Exercise:  Essential components for Health and maximizing function in individuals with cerebral palsy.  Submitted to Dev Med. 

Abstracts in Review:

Journal Articles:

  1. Harrington AT, McRae CGA, Lee SCK.  Evaluation of functional electrical stimulation to assist cycling for fitness in adolescents with spastic cerebral palsy.  Submitted to International Journal of Pediatrics, 2012, 2012:504387, Epub May 22.
  2. Pierce SR, Prosser LA, Lee SC, Lauer RT. “The relationship between spasticity and muscle volume of the knee extensors in children with diplegic cerebral palsy.” Pediatric Physical Therapy, 2012, 24(2):177-182.
  3. Prosser LA, Lee SCK, Barbe MF, VanSant AF, Lauer RT. Trunk and hip muscle activation patterns are different during walking in young children with and without cerebral palsy. Phys Ther 2010 Jul;90(7):986-97. Epub 2010 Apr 29. PMID: 20430948
  4. Prosser, LA, Lee, SCK, Barbe MF, VanSant, Ann F, Lauer RT. Trunk and hip muscle activity in early walkers with and without cerebral palsy. J Electromyography and Kinesiology 2010 April 20: 851-859.
  5. Prosser LA, Lauer RT, VanSant AF, Barbe MF, Lee SCK. Variability and symmetry of gait in early walkers with and without bilateral cerebral palsy; Gait Posture. 2010 Apr;31(4):522-6. Epub 2010 Mar 24.PMID: 20338763
  6. Lee SCK, Ding J, Prosser LA, Wexler AS, Binder-Macleod SA. A predictive mathematical model of muscle forces for children with cerebral palsy.  Dev Med Child Neurol, 2009 Dec;51(12):949-58. Epub 2009 Aug 24. PMID: 19703211
  7. McRae CGA, Johnston TE, Lauer RT, Tokay AM, Lee SCK, Hunt KJ. Cycling for Children with Neuromuscular Impairments Using Electrical Stimulation – Development of Tricycle Based Systems, Med.Eng. Phys. 2009, 31(6), 650-9.
  8. Johnston TE, Lauer RT, Lee SCK. The Effects of a Shank Guide on Cycling Biomechanics of an Adolescent with Cerebral Palsy. Arch Phyl Med Rehab 2008, 89:2025-30.
  9. Lauer RT, Johnston TE, Smith BT, Lee SCK. Lower Extremity Muscle Activity during Cycling in Adolescents with and without Cerebral Palsy. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2008, 23(4):442-9. Epub 2007 Dec 20.
  10. Chou L, Lee SCK, Johnston TE, Binder-Macleod SA. The Effectiveness of Progressively Increasing Stimulation Frequency and Intensity to Maintain Paralyzed Muscle Force during Repetitive Activation. Arch PhysMed Rehabil, 2008, 89(5): 856-864.
  11. Johnston TE, Prosser LA, Lee SCK.  Differences in Pedal Forces during Recumbent Cycling in Adolescents with and without Cerebral Palsy, Clinical Biomechanics, 2008, 23(2):248-51. Epub 2007 Oct 22. PMID: 17950505
  12. Johnston TE, Barr AE, Lee SCK, Biomechanics of recumbent cycling in adolescents with cerebral palsy with and without the use of a fixed shank guide, Gait Posture. 2008 May;27(4):539-46. Epub 2007 Aug 8.
  13. Lee SCK, Braim A, Becker CN, Prosser LA, Tokay A, Binder-Macleod SA. Diminished fatigue at reduced muscle length in human skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve, 2007, 36(6): 789-797. PMID: 17691103
  14. Ding J, Chou L, Kesar T, Lee SCK, Johnston TE, Wexler AS, Binder-Macleod SA.  A mathematical model that predicts the force- intensity and force-frequency relationships of individuals following spinal cord injuries.  Muscle Nerve, 36(2):314-222, 2007
  15. Johnston TE, Barr AE, Lee SCK. The biomechanics of submaximal recumbent cycling in adolescents with and without cerebral palsy. Phys Ther, 2007;87:572-585.
  16. Scott WB, Lee SCK, Johnston, TE, Binkley J, Binder-Macleod SA.  Effect of electrical stimulation pattern on the force response of paralyzed human quadriceps muscle.  Muscle Nerve, 2007, 35(4):471-8.
  17. Stackhouse SK, Binder-Macleod SA, Stackhouse CA, McCarthy JJ, Prosser LA Lee SCK.  Neuromuscular electrical stimulation versus volitional isometric strength training in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy: a preliminary study.  Neurorehabil, Neural Repair, 2007, 21(6):475-85. Epub 2007 Mar 16. PMID: 17369515
  18. Scott WB, Lee SCK, Johnston TE, Binkley J, Binder-Macleod SA. Contractile properties and the force-frequency relationship of the paralyzed human quadriceps muscle.  Phys Ther, 86(6):788-99, 2006.
  19. Kebaetse MB, Lee SCK, Johnston TE, Binder-Macleod SA.  Strategies that improve paralyzed human quadriceps femoris muscle performance during repetitive, non-isometric contractions.  Arch of Phys Med Rehabil, 86(11):2157-64, 2005.
  20. Stackhouse SK Binder‑Macleod SA, Lee SCK. Voluntary muscle activation, contractile, and fatigue properties in children with and without cerebral palsy.  Muscle Nerve 31:594-601, 2005.
  21. Scott WB, Lee SCK, Johnston TE, Binder‑Macleod SA. Switching stimulation patterns improves performance of paralyzed human quadriceps muscle.  Muscle & Nerve 31(5):581-8, 2005.
  22. Ding J, Lee SCK, Johnston TE, Wexler AS, Scott WB, Binder‑Macleod SA: A mathematical model that predicts isometric muscle forces for individuals with spinal cord injuries. Muscle Nerve 31(6):702-12, 2005.
  23. Stackhouse SK, Stevens JE, Lee SCK Pearce, KM, Snyder-Mackler L, Binder-Macleod SA.  Maximum voluntary activation in non- fatigued and fatigued muscle of young and elderly individuals.  Phys. Ther. 81: 1102-09, 2001.
  24. Kebaetse MB, Lee SCK, Binder-Macleod SA.  A novel stimulation pattern improves performance during repetitive dynamic contractions.  Muscle Nerve 24:744-52, 2001.
  25. Stackhouse SK, Dean JC, Lee SCK, Binder-Macleod SA.  Measurement of central activation failure of the quadriceps femoris in healthy adults.  Muscle Nerve23:1706-12, 2000.
  26. Lee SCK, Becker CN, and Binder-Macleod SA.  Activation of human quadriceps femoris muscle during dynamic contractions: Effects of load on fatigue.  J. Appl. Physiol., 89(3):926-36, 2000.
  27. Lee SCK, Binder-Macleod SA. Effects of activation frequency on dynamic performance of human fresh and fatigued muscles.  J. Appl. Physiol., 88(6):2166-75,.2000.
  28. Lee SCK, Becker CN, Binder-Macleod SA.  Catchlike-inducing train activation of human quadriceps femoris muscle during isotonic contractions:  Burst modulation.  J. Appl. Physiol. 87(5):1758-67, 1999.
  29. Lee SCK, Gerdom ML, Binder-Macleod SA. Effects of length on the catchlike property of human quadriceps femoris mucscle.Phys.Ther. 79(8):738-48, 1999.
  30. Binder-Macleod SA, Lee SCK, Kucharski LJ, and Russ D.  Effects of activation pattern on human skeletal muscle fatigue. Muscle Nerve. 21:1145-52, 1998.
  31. Binder-Macleod SA, Lee SCK, Fritz AD, and Kucharski LJ.  A new look at the force-frequency relationship of human skeletal muscle: Effects of fatigue.  J. Neurophysiol. 79:1858-68, 1998.
  32. Binder-Macleod SA, Lee SCK, and Baadte SA.  Reduction of the fatigue-induced force decline in human skeletal muscle by optimized stimulation trains.  Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil.  78:1129-37, 1997.
  33. Binder-Macleod SA, and Lee SCK.  An assessment of the efficacy of functional electrical stimulation in the treatment of hemiplegia.  Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation.  3(4):88-98, 1997.
  34. Binder-Macleod SA, and Lee SCK.  Catchlike property of human muscle during isovelocity movements.  J. Appl. Physiol.80(6):2051-59, 1996.
  35. Lee SCK.  “Leave your shoes at the door: A perspective on Korean culture”.  Pediatric Phys. Ther. 7(3):135-7, 1995.

Abstracts:

  1. Lee SCK, Zarkou A, Tokay Harrington A, Zahradka N, Wright H, Torres M, Marion M.  Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES)-assisted cycling to improve fitness in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Accepted to the 4th International Cerebral Palsy Conference, Pisa, Italy 2012.
  2. Lee SCK, Wright H, Harrington AT. Force Rates and Cycling Ability in Children & Adolescents with Cerebral Palsy. Accepted to the 4th International Cerebral Palsy Conference, Pisa, Italy 2012.
  3. Tokay Harrington A, McRae CG, Lee SCK. The Effects of a Brief, Intensive FES-Assisted Cycling Intervention on Cycling Performance in Adolescents with Spastic Cerebral Palsy: A Case Series. Ped PT. 23(1), 96-105, 2011.
  4. McRae CGA, Harrington, Lee SCK. Graded exercise testing by adolescents with cerebral palsy using a motor-assisted recumbent tricycle – maximal performance and the relation to gross motor function. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 52 (Suppl 5): SP7, p. 63, 2010.
  5. Lee SCK, Harrington AT, McRae CGA, Kachmar AN. FES-assisted cycling training can improve cycling performance, cardiorespiratory fitness, strength, gait and functional activity following an 8-week, home-based training program – a case report. Artif Organs 34(8), p.A39, 2010.
  6. Lee SCK, Ding J, Prosser LA, Tokay AM, Binder-Macleod SA.  A mathematical model approach for estimating central activation and maximum force potential in skeletal muscle of children with cerebral palsy.  Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 50 (Suppl 4): SP69, p. 75, 2008.
  7. Tokay AM, Prosser LA, Lee SCK.  Triceps surae strength training does not reduce dorsiflexion passive range of motion in children with spatic diplegic cerebral palsy.  Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 50 (Suppl 4): A5, p. 3, 2008.
  8. Tokay AM, McRae CGA, Johnston TE, Lee SCK.  The use of functional electrical stimulation assisted cycling in adolescents with cerebral palsy in Proceedings of the 13th Annual Conference of the International Functional Electrical Stimulation Society.  Biomedizinische Technik – Biomedical Engineering. 2008:53 (Supplement 1), 376-8.
  9. Johnston, TE, Prosser LA, Lee SCK.  Pedal Forces during Cycling in Adolescents with and without Cerebral Palsy.  APTA Combined Sections Meeting in Nashville, TN, February 2008.
  10. Smith BT, Lee SCK, McCarthy J, Prosser L, Patel B, Davis R.  An implantable microinjectable stimulator for muscle excitation suitable for pediatric applications:  An evaluation using a canine model.  12th Annual Conference of the International FES Society, Nov 10-14, 2007, Philadelphia, PA.
  11. Tokay AM, McRae CGA, Johnston TE, Lee SCK.  The feasibility of using functional electrical stimulation assisted cycling in children with cerebral palsy.  12th Annual Conference of the International FES Society, Nov 10-14, 2007, Philadelphia, PA.  Winner of the Best Student Paper competition to Ann Tokay.
  12. Johnston, TE, Lee SCK, Barr AE. The biomechanics of cycling in adolescents with and without cerebral palsy has been accepted for the Gossman Graduate Student Forum sponsored by the Section on Research at the 2007 APTA Combined Sections Meeting in Boston, February 14-18, 2007
  13. Smith BT, Lee SCK, McCarthy J, Prosser L Patel B, Davis R. An Implanted Radio Frequency Microstimulator for Muscle Excitation Sized for Pediatric Applications: An Evaluation Using a Canine Model. Annual International Steel Conference, Orlando, FL, Nov 2006.
  14. Rosen, Sarah, Tucker, Carole, Lee, SCK. Gait energy efficiency in children with cerebral palsy. 28th IEEE EMBS Annual International Conference, New York City, New York, USA, Aug. 30- Sept. 3, 2006.
  15. Johnston TE, Lee SCK, Smith BT, Lauer RT, Slater E.  Muscle activation patterns during cycling in adolescents with without cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol, Supplement No. 106(48):SP35, p.43, 2006.
  16. Lee SCK, Johnston TE, Bhowmik M, Ginder M, Greising J, Kleinberg M, Lind D, Stackhouse C.  An instrumented recumbent cycle for studying cycling biomechanics. American Academy of Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine Conference, Sept. 2005.
  17. Lee SCK, Ding J, Stackhouse SK, Binder-Macleod SA. A predictive model of muscle forces for children with cerebral palsy. 10thAnnual Meeting of the International Functional Electrical Stimulation Society.  Montreal, Canada, July 5-8, 2005, 288-290.
  18. Lee SCK, Stackhouse SK, Stackhouse CA, Schaefer M, McCarthy JJ, Smith BT. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation and volitional strength training in children with cerebral palsy: A preliminary study.  Proceedings of the 9th Annual International Functional Electrical Stimulation Society Conference,  Bournemouth, England, September 6-9, 2004, p71-73.
  19. Stackhouse SK, Binder-Macleod SA, Mccarthy JJ, Lee SCK. “Neuromuscular electrical stimulation and volitional isometric strength training of the quadriceps femoris and triceps surae in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy: A preliminary study. Dev Med Child Neurol Supplement No.99, 46:F4 p19-20, 2004.
  20. Laughton-Stackhouse C, Lee SCK, Schaefer M, Stackhouse SK, Vishnevetsky D, McCarthy JJ, Smith B.  The effects of electrical stimulation vs. volitional strength training on gait in children with cerebral palsy.  Annual Meeting of the Gait Clinical Movement Analysis Society, Lexington, KY, April 21-24, 2004.
  21. Lee SCK, Stackhouse SK, Ronan TA, Parker KW, McCarthy JJ, Binder-Macleod SA, Smith BT. Preliminary results of percutaneous neuromuscular electrical stimulation for strength training in children with cerebral palsy.  Proceedings of the 8th Annual Conference of the International Functional Electrical Stimulation Society, Queensland, Australia, July 1-5, 2003.
  22. Stackhouse SK, Lee SCK, Schaefer MK, McCarthy JJ, Smith BT, Binder-Macleod SA.  Percutaneous electrical stimulation for strength training the quadriceps femoris and triceps surae muscles in two children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. 33rd Neural Prosthesis Workshop, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, October 16-18, 2002.
  23. Lee SCK, Stackhouse SK, Smith BT, Binder-Macleod SA. Contractile and fatigue characteristics of quadriceps femoris muscle in children with and without cerebral palsy.  Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, Supplement 91, 44(8):38-39, 2002.
  24. Johnston T, Lee SCK, Pierce S, Smith BT. Energy cost of walking in children with cerebral palsy: relation to gross motor function classification system level. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, Supplement 91, 44(8):35, 2002.
  25. Ding J, Wexler, AS, Lee SCK, Binder-Macleod, SA.  A predictive model of muscle forces for children with spinal cord injuries. Proceedings of the IEEE 28th Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference. Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, April 20-21, 2002, pp 21-22.
  26. Stackhouse SK, Lee SCK, Smith BT, Binder-Macleod SA.  Use of a topical anesthetic during the assessment of voluntary muscle activation in children with cerebral palsy.  Neurology Report 25(4): 148, 2001.
  27. Lee SCK, Stackhouse SK, Binder-Macleod SA, Smith BT.  Contractile and fatigue characteristics of the quadriceps femoris muscle in children with and without cerebral palsy.  Neurology Report 25(4): 131-132, 2001.
  28. Lee SCK, Binder-Macleod SA.  Variable-frequency train activation of human quadriceps femoris muscle during isotonic contractions: frequency characteristics.  Phys. Ther. 79(5):S77, 1999.
  29. Lee SCK, Pearce KM, Snyder-Mackler L, Binder-Macleod SA.  Maximum voluntary recruitment in fresh and fatigued muscle of younger and elder individuals.  The FASEB Journal.  13(5):A690, 1999.
  30. Lee SCK, Braim A., Becker C, Binder-Macleod SA.  Effects of length on fatigue of human skeletal muscle.  The FASEB Journal. 11(3):A75, 1997.
  31. Lee SCK, Cullen ML, and Binder-Macleod SA.  Effects of muscle length on the catchlike property in fresh and fatigued human muscle. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.  28(5 supplement):S140, 1996.
  32. Binder-Macleod SA, Kucharski LK, and Lee SCK.  Effects of the catchlike property on the fatigue of human muscle.  Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.  28(5 supplement):S139, 1996.
  33. Binder-Macleod SA, Kucharski LK, and Lee SCK.  Fatiguing effects of the catchlike property in human muscle.  The FASEB Journal 10(3):A1, 1996.
  34. Binder-Macleod SA, and Lee SCK.  Catchlike property of human muscle during shortening and lengthening contractions.  Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 19(1):154, 1993.

Book Chapters:
Lee SC, Russ DW, Binder-Macleod SA (2009).  Force frequency relation of skeletal muscle.  In  Binder MD, Hirokawa N, Windhorst U (Eds.) Encyclopedia of Neuroscience. Springer, 1608-1611.

Article Critiques:
Lee SCK.  Applicability of the hierarchical scales of the Tufts Assessment of Motor Performance for School-Aged Children and Adults with Disabilities.  Phys. Ther.72(3):191-202.  In Pediatric Phys. Ther. 4(4):208-210, 1992.

Book Reviews:
Lee SCK.  Extraordinary children, ordinary lives: stories behind special education case law.  By R. Martin, Champaign, Illinois, Research Press, 1991.  In Pediatric Phys. Ther. 4(3): 156, 1992.

PRESENTATIONS

Platform Presentations:

  1. Lee SCK.  FES to enhance fitness, activity and walking in cerebral palsy.  An invited presentation submitted to the 7th World Congress of Biomechanics, Boston, MA, July 6-11, 2014.
  2. Zarkou A, Tsepis E, Lee SCK.  The effects of stochastic resonance stimulation and coordination training on postural stability and sense of effort in individuals with functional ankle instability.  APTA Combined Sections Meeting, Las Vegas, NV, 2014.
  3. Tokay Harrington A, McRae CG, Lee SCK. A Comparison of Volitional Effort to Sensory Level and Motor Level Electrical Stimulation for FES-Assisted Cycling in Adolescents with Spastic Cerebral Palsy. 7th Annual Marilyn Gossman Graduate Student Seminar, APTA Combined Sections Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 2011.
  4. Prosser LA, Lee SCK, Van Sant AF, Barbe MF, Lauer RT. Temporal and frequency characteristics of trunk and hip muscle activity patterns in early walkers with and without cerebral palsy. Annual Meeting of the American Society for Biomechanics, State College, PA, 2009.
  5. Wright S, Edwards L, Prosser LA, Tokay AM, Lee SCK. Strength training using NMES in children with cerebral palsy: relationship between stimulation dose, changes in strength, and muscle cross sectional area. APTA Combined Sections Meeting, Las Vegas, NV, 2009
  6. Iwanczewski JM, Nichol AS, Vander Wiele KM, Tokay AM, Scott Stackhouse SA, Lee SCK.  A systematic comparison of the central activation ratio and the interpolation technique for estimating central drive: issues of voluntary force and type of electrical stimulus.  10th Annual Marilyn Gossman Graduate Student Seminar. APTA Combined Sections Meeting, Las Vegas, NV, 2009
  7.  Tokay AM, McCrae CG, Johnston TE, Lee SCK.  The application of functional electrical stimulation assisted cycling in children with cerebral palsy.  Submitted to the 62nd Annual Meeting of the American Academy for Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine, Atlanta, GA, Sept. 17-20th, 2008.
  8. Tokay AM, McRae CGA, Johnston TE, Lee SCK.  The feasibility of using functional electrical stimulation assisted cycling in children with cerebral palsy.  12th Annual Conference of the International FES Society, Nov 10-14, 2007, Philadelphia, PA.  Winner of the Best Student Paper competition to Ann Tokay.
  9. Johnston TE, Lee SCK, Tucker CA.  Physical fitness in children with cerebral palsy classified as GMFCS Levels III and IV. 59th Annual Meeting of the American Academy for Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine, Sept 14-17, Orlando, FL, 2005.
  10. Lee SCK, Stackhouse SK, Stackhouse CA, Schaefer M, McCarthy JJ, Smith BT. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation and volitional strength training in children with cerebral palsy: A preliminary study.  International Functional Electrical Stimulation Society. Bournemouth, England, September 6-9, 2004.
  11. Stackhouse SK, Binder-Macleod SA, McCarthy JJ, Lee SCK. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation and volitional isometric strength training of the quadriceps femoris and triceps surae in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy: a preliminary study. 58th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine, Los Angeles, California, September 29-October 2, 2004.
  12. Stackhouse SK, Binder-Macleod SA, Lee SCK.  Electrical stimulation verses volitional strength training of the quadriceps femoris muscles in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy.  5th Annual Marilyn Gossman Graduate Student Seminar, APTA Combined Sections Meeting, Nashville, TN, 2004
  13. Banks K, Gieringer R, Musket M, Stackhouse SK, Eastlack ME, Lee SCK.  Comparison of stimulation patterns used to assess voluntary muscle activation of the quadriceps femoris. Combined Sections Meeting of the American Physical Therapy Association.  Tampa, FL, 2003.
  14. Banks K, Gieringer R, Musket M, Stackhouse SK, Eastlack ME, Lee SCK.  Comparison of two methods to quantify voluntary muscle activation of the quadriceps femoris in young adults. Combined Sections Meeting of the American Physical Therapy Association. Tampa, FL, 2003.
  15. Ding J, Wexler, AS, Lee SCK, Binder-Macleod  SA.  A predictive model of muscle forces for children with spinal cord injuries. Proceedings of the IEEE 28th Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference. Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, April 20-21, 2002, pp 21-22.
  16. Lee SCK, Stackhouse SK, Binder-Macleod SA Smith BT. Contractile and fatigue characteristics of quadriceps femoris and triceps surae muscle in children with and without cerebral palsy. Combined Sections Meeting of the American Physical Therapy Association. Boston, MA, Feb 20-24, 2002
  17. Lee SCK, Becker CN, Binder-Macleod. Activation of human quadriceps femoris muscle during isotonic contractions:  Effects of load on fatigue.  Combined Sections Meeting of the American Physical Therapy Association.  New Orleans, LA, Feb 2-6, 2000.
  18. Kebaetse MB, Lee SCK, Binder-Macleod SA.  Force optimization in human quadriceps isotonic muscle contraction during knee movement. Combined Sections Meeting of the American Physical Therapy Association.  New Orleans, LA, Feb 2-6, 2000.
  19. Stackhouse SK, Binder-Macleod SA, Dean JC, Lee SCK.  Detection of central activation failure of the quadriceps femoris in young, healthy adults. Combined Sections Meeting of the American Physical Therapy Association. New Orleans, LA, Feb 2-6, 2000.
  20. Lee SCK, Binder-Macleod SA. Variable-frequency train activation of human quadriceps femoris muscle during isotonic contractions: Frequency characteristics.  Scientific Meeting & Exposition of the American Physical Therapy Association, Washington, D.C., June 5-8, 1999.
  21. Lee SCK, Pierce KM, Snyder-Mackler L, Binder-Macleod SA. Maximum voluntary recruitment in fresh and fatigued muscle of young and elder individuals.  Combined poster and oral presentation.  Experimental Biology 99, Washington D.C., April 17-21, 1999.
  22. Lee SCK, Becker CN, Binder-Macleod SA. Variable-frequency train activation of human quadriceps femoris muscle during isotonic contractions: burst modulation.  Combined Sections Meeting of the American Physical Therapy Association, Seattle, WA, February 3-7, 1999.
  23. Lee SCK, Braim A, Becker CN, Binder-Macleod SA. Effects of length on fatigue of human skeletal Muscle. Combined poster and oral presentation.  Experimental Biology 97, New Orleans, LA, April 6-9, 1999.
  24. Lee SCK. Design and Evaluation of a Multichannel Myoelectric Signal Acquisition System.  Annual Biomedical Engineering Project Conference, Boston University, Boston, MA, April 1988.

Poster Presentations:

  1. Marion MS, Wright HG, Lenoir KJ, Zahradka N, Sazonov W, Richards JG, Lee SCK. Real-time visual and quantitative feedback of gait parameters from a wearable wireless sensor system.  The 36 Annual International IEEE EMBS Conference, Chicago, Il. August 26-30, 2014.
  2. Zahradka N, Behboodi A, Lenoir K, Marion MS, Wright H, Zarkou A, Torres M, Sazonov E, Lee SCK.  A first look at a closed loop IMU and FSR based feedback system for delivery of functional electrical stimulation during walking. The 7th World Congress of Biomechanics, Boston, MA, July 6-11, 2014.
  3. Marion MS, Wright H, Barito L, Zahradka N, Sazonov E, Lee SCK, White S, Richards J. Portable wireless system for measuring joint angles in real-time.  Gait & Clinical Movement Analysis Society 2014 Annual Conference, Newark, DE, June 24-27, 2014.
  4. Behboodi A, Zahradka N, Lenoir K, Marion MS, Wright H, Zarkou A, Torres M, Sazonov E, Lee SCK.  A combined IMU and FSR system for detecting 7 phases of gait in real-time.  Gait & Clinical Movement Analysis Society 2014 Annual Conference, Newark, DE, June 24-27, 2014.
  5. Allamby M, Cherry D, Gao X, Paolantonio E, Trosch L, Lee SCK.  The use of EMG biofeedback as treatment for facial paralysis secondary to Bell’s Palsy.  To be presented at the APTA Combined Sections Meeting, San Diego, CA, January 2013.
  6. Lee SCK, Zarkou A, Tokay Harrington A, Zahradka N, Wright H, Torres M, Marion M.  Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES)-assisted cycling to improve fitness in children with cerebral palsy (CP).  The 4th International Cerebral Palsy Conference, Pisa, Italy 2012.
  7. Lee SCK, Wright H, Harrington AT. Force Rates and Cycling Ability in Children & Adolescents with Cerebral Palsy. The 4th International Cerebral Palsy Conference, Pisa, Italy 2012.
  8. Tokay Harrington A, McRae CG, Lee SCK. The Effects of a Brief, Intensive FES-Assisted Cycling Intervention on Cycling Performance in Adolescents with Spastic Cerebral Palsy: A Case Series. Ped PT. 23(1), 98-99, 2011.
  9. Lee SCK, Tokay Harrington A, McRae CG, Kachmar AN. Fes-assisted cycling training can improve cycling performance, cardiorespiratory fitness, strength, gait and functional activity following an 8-week, home-based training program – a case report.  Delaware Health Science Alliance Conference on Women & Children’s Health Research. University of Delaware, Newark, DE, December 10th, 2010.
  10. Lee SCK, Tokay Harrington A, McRae CG, Kachmar AN. Fes-assisted cycling training can improve cycling performance, cardiorespiratory fitness, strength, gait and functional activity following an 8-week, home-based training program – a case report. 15th IFESS Annual Conference, Vienna, Austria, 2010.
  11. McRae CGA, Harrington, Lee SCK. Graded exercise testing by adolescents with cerebral palsy using a motor-assisted recumbent tricycle – maximal performance and the relation to gross motor function. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 52 (Suppl 5): SP7, p. 63, 2010.
  12. Pierce SR, Lauer RT, Prosser LA, Lee SC. Relationships between spasticity of the knee flexors and knee extensors and muscle mass in children with cerebral palsy. American Society of Biomechanics Conference, University Park, August 2009.
  13. Tokay A, McRae C, Johnston TE, Lee SCK.  Functional Electrical Stimulation-Assisted Cycling in Adolescents with Cerebral Palsy.  APTA Combined Sections Meeting, Las Vegas, NV, February 2009.
  14. Prosser LA, Lee SCK, Van Sant AF, Barbe MF, Lauer RT. Trunk and hip muscle activity patterns in early walkers with and without cerebral palsy. APTA Combined Sections Meeting, Las Vegas, NV, February 2009.
  15. Tokay AM, McCrae CG, Johnston TE, Lee SCK.  The application of functional electrical stimulation assisted cycling in children with cerebral palsy.  The 62nd Annual Meeting of the American Academy for Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine, Atlanta, GA, Sept. 17-20th, 2008.
  16. Ding J, Lee SCK, Tokay A, Prosser L, Stackhouse S, Wexler AS, Binder-Macleod SA. Modeling isometric contractions of leg muscles for children with cerebral palsy.  Presented at the 3rd Annual Center for Biomedical Engineering Research Symposium, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 2006.
  17. Lee SCK, Johnston TE, Bohmik M, Ginder M, Greising J, Kleinberg M, Lind D, Stackhouse C.  An instrumented recumbent cycle for studying cycling biomechanics.  59th Annual Meeting of the American Academy for Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine, Sept 14-17, Orlando, FL, 2005.
  18. Stackhouse CA, Lee SCK, Schaefer M, Stackhouse SK, McCarthy JJ, Smith B, Binder-Macleod SA.  The effects of electrical stimulation vs. volitional strength training on gait in children with cerebral palsy.  Combined Sections Meeting of the American Physical Therapy Association, New Orleans, LA, 2005.
  19. Scott W, Lee SCK, Johnston TA, Binkley J, Binder-Macleod SA. Contractile properties and the force-frequency relationship of the paralyzed human quadriceps muscle. Combined Sections Meeting of the American Physical Therapy Association, New Orleans, LA, 2005.
  20. Johnston TE, Lee SCK, Smith BT, Betz RR. Strengthening of a partially denervated muscle using percutaneous electrical stimulation: A case report.  50th Annual Conference of the American Paraplegia Society, September 7-9, Las Vegas, NV, 2004.
  21. Kebaetse M, Binder-Macleod SA, Lee SCK, Johnston T.  Paralyzed skeletal muscle performance during electrically elicited, repetitive, non-isometric contractions. 50th Annual Conference of the American Paraplegia Society, September 7-9, Las Vegas, NV, 2004
  22. Ding J, Lee SCK, Johnston TE, Wexler AS, Scott WB, Binder-Macleod SA.  A predictive mathematical force model for spinal cord injured patients. 50th Annual Conference of the American Paraplegia Society, September 7-9, Las Vegas, NV, 2004.
  23. Bohmik M, Ginder M, Kleinberg M, Greising J, Lind D, Johnston T, Lauer R, Lee SCK.  Instrumented bicycle pedals for use in a  functional electrical stimulation study for children with cerebral palsy.  Drexel University, Research Day, March 4th, 2004.
  24. Yapsuga KN, Larson KM, Lee SCK.  Reliability of methods to assess voluntary activation, contractile properties and fatigability of the quadriceps femoris muscle in healthy adults.  Combined Sections Meeting of the American Physical Therapy Association. Nashville, TN, 2004.
  25. Yapsuga KN, Larson KM, Stackhouse SK, Schaefer MK, Lee SCK  The effects of strength training the quadriceps femoris and triceps surae muscles using percutaneous electrical stimulation in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy: a preliminary  study. Combined Sections Meeting of the American Physical Therapy Association, Nashville, TN, 2004.
  26. Lee SCK, Stackhouse SK, Ronan TA, Parker KW, McCarthy JJ, Binder-Macleod SA, Smith BT. Preliminary results of percutaneous neuromuscular electrical stimulation for strength training in children with cerebral palsy.  The 8th Annual Conference of the International Functional Electrical Stimulation Society, Queensland, Australia, July 1-5, 2003.
  27. Lee SCK, Stackhouse SK, Electrical stimulation for strength training the quadriceps femoris and triceps surae muscles in a child with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy.  National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research Training Workshop, Silver Spring, MD, December 9-10, 2003.
  28. Stackhouse SK, Lee SCK, Schaefer MK, McCarthy JJ, Smith BT, Binder-Macleod SA.  Electrical stimulation for strength training the quadriceps femoris and triceps surae muscles in two children with spastic diplegia cerebral palsy. Combined Sections Meeting of the American Physical Therapy Association.  Tampa, FL, 2003.
  29. Lee SCK, Stackhouse SK, Smith BT, Binder-Macleod SA. Contractile and fatigue characteristics of quadriceps femoris muscle in children with and without cerebral palsy.  56th Annual Meeting of The American Academy for Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine, New Orleans, LA, September 11-14, 2002.
  30. Johnston TE, Lee SCK, Pierce SR, Smith BT. Energy cost of walking in children with cerebral palsy: relation to gross motor function classification system level.  56th Annual Meeting of the American Academy for Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine, New Orleans, LA, September 11-14, 2002.
  31. Stackhouse SK, Lee SCK, Smith BT, Binder-Macleod SA.  Use of a topical anesthetic during the assessment of voluntary muscle activation in children with cerebral palsy.  Neurology Report 25(4): 148, 2001.
  32. Lee SCK, Vandenborne K. Quantification of metabolism during functional electrical stimulation of the tibialis anterior muscle using 31P Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.  NCMRR Trainee Conference, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, November 7-8, 1999.
  33. Lee SCK, Cullen ML, Binder-Macleod SA. Effects of muscle length on the catchlike property in fresh and fatigued human muscle. American College of Sports Medicine 43rd Annual Meeting, Cincinnati, OH, May 29 – June 1, 1996.
  34. Lee SCK, Kurcharski LK, and Binder-Macleod SA. Effects of the catchlike property in human muscle. American College of Sports Medicine 43rd Annual Meeting, Cincinnati, OH, May 29 – June 1, 1996.
  35. Binder-Macleod SA, Kucharski LK, Lee SCK. Fatiguing effects of the catchlike property in human muscle.  Experimental Biology 96, Washington, D.C., April 14-17, 1996.
  36. Binder-Macleod SA, Lee SCK. Catchlike property of human muscle during shortening and lengthening contractions. Society for Neuroscience 23rd Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., November 7-12, 1993.

Lectures:

  1. Skeletal, Cardiac and Smooth Muscle: Structure and Contraction Mechanisms, BMEG 401/402 Systems Physiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, September 13, 2012.
  2. Skeletal Muscle Pathology: Injury and Disease.  University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Physical Therapy, Baltimore, MD, October 29th, 2007.
  3. FES – NMES for Posture Control and Movement.  University of Delaware, Department of Physical Therapy, Newark, DE, March 18, 2004.
  4. Physiologic Measures of Muscle Function.  Rehabilitation Medicine Resident’s Seminar Series.  Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, November 17, 1999.
  5. Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation for Control of Posture and Movement: FES for Grasping, Reaching and Shoulder Control. University of Delaware, Department of Physical Therapy, Newark, DE, March 18, 1998; March 15, 1999; March 16, 2000.
  6. Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation for Control of Posture and Movement: FES for Standing and Ambulation.  University of Delaware, Department of Physical Therapy, Newark, DE, March 16, 1988; March 15, 1999; March 13, 2000.
  7. Muscle Fatigue.  Beaver College, Department of Physical Therapy, Glenside, PA, October 30, 1997.
  8. Skeletal Muscle Adaptations to Injury, Disease, Disuse, and Training.  Beaver College, Department of Physical Therapy, Glenside, PA, October 23, 1997.
  9. Skeletal Muscle Metabolism.  Beaver College, Department of Physical Therapy, Glenside, PA, October 16, 1997.
  10. Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation for Control of Posture and Movement.  University of Delaware, Department of Physical Therapy, Newark, DE, March 17, 1997.

Instructional Courses:

  1. OShea R, Stackhouse SA, Bickel CS, et al., Lee SCK.  Congratulations, you landed a faculty job? … Now What?  A promotion and tenure panel discussion and mock dossier review.  Combined Sections Meeting of the American Physical Therapy Association. Las Vegas, NV, 2014.
  2. Forrest GF, Faghri P, Lee SCK, Sisto SA.  Electrical stimulation from basic science to clinical practice:  Is it evidence based?  Stimulation strategies to maximize muscle performance during FES. 90th Annual Conference of the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine, Orlando, FL, 2013
  3. Lee SCK, George SZ, Binder-Macleod SA, Chmielewski TL, Lewek MD, Moreau N, Prosser LA.  The “Business” of Research and Negotiating Your Faculty Position.  To be presented at the APTA Combined Sections Meeting, San Diego, California, January 2013.
  4. Galloway JC, Lee SCK. Pimp My Ride! Biodriven Mobility to Enhance Cognition, Socialization, Fitness and Strength ” American Academy of Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine, 65th Annual Meeting, Las Vegas, NV.  October 12-15, 2011.
  5. Whittaker M, Grey M, Burridge J, Postans N, Lee SCK , Taylor P. FES: From Neuroscience to Clinical Practice.  15th IFESS Annual Conference, Vienna, Austria, 2010.
  6. Backus D, Lee SCK, Johnston TE, Gregory C, Brach J, Sisto S.  The road less (or More) travelled:  The many paths to success in a research Career.  APTA Combined Sections Meeting, San Diego, CA, February 2010.
  7. Backus D, George S, Johnston TE, Brach J, Hall C, Lee SCK.  The business of balancing research, service and teaching: a program for junior faculty.  APTA Combined Sections Meeting, Las Vegas, NV, February 2009.
  8. Backus D, George S, Johnston TE, Brach J, Hall C, Lee SCK.  Becoming a PT researcher or so I finished my PhD: What do I do now? APTA Combined Sections Meeting, Nashville, TN, February 2008.
  9. Lee SCK, Winstein C, Baker L, Field-Fote E, Sullivan J, Hedman L, Harris-Love, M.  The Body Electric: Efficacy of Neurostimulation Technologies for Neurorehabilitation.  A two-day pre-conference instructional course.   APTA Combined Sections Meeting, Nashville, TN, February 2008.
  10. Lee, SCK, Stanger M.  Efficacy and use of NMES and FES in children with cerebral palsy. 59th Annual Meeting of the American Academy for Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine, Sept 14-17, Orlando, FL, 2005.
  11. Lee SCK, Johnston TE. Neuromuscular and functional electrical stimulation for therapeutic and functional applications. 58th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine, Los Angeles, California, September 29-October 2, 2004.
  12. Johnston TE, Pierce SR, Lee SCK. A primer on the use of NMES for therapeutic and functional application. NMES for Strength Association.  Nashville, TN, Feb 5-8. 2004.

Invited Presentations:

  1. Current Perspectives on Research and Treatment for Cerebral Palsy: Electrical stimulation to enhance the exercise dose-response relationship in children with CP.  Shriners Hospitals for Children, Erie, PA, December 19, 2014.
  2. Innovative techniques for improving gait:  Stroke and Cerebral Palsy.  FES to enhance fitness, activity and walking in cerebral palsy.  7th World Congress of Biomechanics, Boston, MA, July 6-11, 2014
  3. Strength, Fitness and Fun … What a sensation!  My research journey to improve motor function of individuals with cerebral palsy.  A Promotion and Tenure Seminar, University of Delaware, Department of Physical Therapy, September 25, 2013.
  4. Current Perspectives on Research and Treatment for Cerebral Palsy: Electrical stimulation to enhance the exercise dose-response relationship in children with CP.  Motor Development Research Consortium, Temple University and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Philadelphia, PA, September 27-28, 2013.
  5. Approaches to enhance strength, fitness and function in Children with CP.  Research Site Visit 2013. Shriners Hospitals for Children Pediatric Research Center, Temple University and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Philadelphia, PA, September 10th, 2013.
  6. Research Network Participation: Applications of Artificial Walking for FES-Assisted Gait in Cerebral Palsy: NIH R13HD062146 Research Network Conference (PI Jessica Rose, PhD, Stanford University).
    • “Research Update: FES to Improve Crouch Gait in CP”. At the 68th Annual Meeting of the American Academy for Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine, October 10-13, 2014, San Diego, CA.
    • “Research Update: FES to Improve Crouch Gait in CP”. At the Annual Meeting of the American Academy for Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine, October 18, 2013, Milwaukee, WI.
    • “Research Update: FES to Improve Crouch Gait in CP”. At the Annual Meeting of the American Academy for Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine, October 18, 2013, Milwaukee, WI.
    • “Research Update: FES to Improve Crouch Gait in CP”. By SKYPE at the Annual Meeting of the American Academy for Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine, September 14, 2012, Toronto, CN.
    • “Research Proposal: Shiners Hospitals for Children FES to Improve Crouch Gait in CP”. At the Annual Meeting of the American Academy for Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine, 2011, Las Vegas, NV.
    • Protocol and outcome measure development. At the Annual Meeting of the American Academy for Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine, September 21, 2010, Washington D.C.
    • “Use of a Predictive Mathematical Model of Muscle Forces for Children with CP to Estimate Optimum Stimulation Frequencies”. Network Meeting, Stanford University, April, 2010.
    • “FES Applications for CP at Shriners Hospitals for Children, Philadelphia”. Initial Network Meeting at the Annual Meeting of the American Academy for Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine, 2009, Scottsdale, AZ.
  7. FES-Assisted Cycling To Improve Fitness And Strength In Children With Cerebral Palsy. Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, January 26th, 2012.
  8. Strengthening In Children With CP: Past, Current and Future Work.  Shriners Hospitals for Children Pediatric Research Center, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, January 18th, 2011.
  9. Strengthening In Kids With CP: What Are The Opportunities For Additional Studies?  Shriners Hospitals for Children “Think Tank” Meeting on Pediatric Clinical Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Philadelphia, PA.  December 16-18, 2010
  10. FES-Assisted Cycling To Improve Fitness And Strength In Children With Cerebral Palsy. Biomechanics and Movement Science Seminar. University of Delaware, Newark, DE.  December 6, 2010
  11. The Use Of NMES And FES To Enhance Strength And Fitness Training In Children With Cerebral Palsy . University of Florida, Gainsville, FL, March 17, 2009.
  12. The Use Of NMES And FES To Enhance Strength And Fitness Training In Children With Cerebral Palsy . University of Florida, Gainsville, FL, March 17, 2009.
  13. Advances in Use of Electrical Stimulation for Cerebral Palsy to Improve Strength and Mobility.  Schreiber Pediatric Rehabilitation Center of Lancaster County, Lancaster, PA, September 18, 2008.
  14. Advances in Use of Electrical Stimulation for Cerebral Palsy to Improve Strength and Mobility.  The Children’s Therapy Center, Sterling, VA, June 19, 2008.
  15. Grand Rounds: Advances in Use of Electrical Stimulation for Cerebral Palsy to Improve Strength and Mobility.  National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine.  Bethesda, MD, April 3, 2007
  16. Advances in Use of Electrical Stimulation for Cerebral Palsy to Improve Strength and Mobility.  Burlington County Special Services School District, Westampton, NJ, December 18, 2007.
  17. Advances in Use of Electrical Stimulation for Cerebral Palsy to Improve Strength and Mobility. Eastern Carolina University, Department of Physical Therapy, Greenville, NC, December 15, 2006.
  18. Functional Electrical Stimulation for Strengthening in CP, Brachial Plexus Injury: Early Therapeutic and Surgical Intervention. Joint educational conference.  July 23, 2007.Children’s Developmental Services Agencies, Wilmington, NC – host site; Eastern Carolina University, Greenville, NC (Videoconference site); TelAbility, Chapel Hill, NC, (Videoconference Site).
  19. Advances in Use of Electrical Stimulation for Cerebral Palsy to Improve Strength and Mobility Alfred I. DuPont Hospital for Children, 2007 Pediatric Physical Therapy Conference., Wilmington, DE, May 3, 2007
  20. Electrical Stimulation: from Research to Intervention, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Lynette Byarm Fellowship Lecture Series Course: Philadelphia, PA, April 4, 2007.
  21. Advances in Use of Electrical Stimulation for Cerebral Palsy to Improve Strength and Mobility.  AI DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE February 26, 2007.
  22. Advances in Use of Electrical Stimulation for Cerebral Palsy to Improve Strength and Mobility.  Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, February 21, 2007.
  23. Advances in Use of Electrical Stimulation for Cerebral Palsy to Improve Strength and Mobility.  Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, December 15, 2006.
  24. Advances in Use of Electrical Stimulation for Cerebral Palsy to Improve Strength and Mobility.  Jardine Academy for Cerebral Palsy.  Union, NJ, December 13, 2006.
  25. Advances in Use of Electrical Stimulation for Cerebral Palsy to Improve Strength and Mobility.  Shriners Hospitals for Children. Tampa, FL, Sept 25, 2006
  26. Strength Training Using NMES for Children with Cerebral Palsy. University of Delaware, Department of Physical therapy, Newark, DE, Sept 8, 2006
  27. Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation and Volitional Strength Training in Children with Cerebral Palsy. Denver Children’s Hospital, Denver, Co, March 22, 2006.
  28. Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation and Volitional Strength Training in Children with Cerebral Palsy”. Regis University, Denver, Co, March 22, 2006.
  29. Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation and Volitional Strength Training in Children with Cerebral Palsy. Children’s Hospital of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.  March, 30, 2006
  30. Advances in Use of Electrical Stimulation for Cerebral Palsy to Improve Strength and Mobility.  Pittsburgh Marquette Challenge Continuing Education Series fundraiser for the Foundation for Physical Therapy.  Pittsburgh, PA, February 25th, 2006.
  31. Advances in Use of Electrical Stimulation for Cerebral Palsy to Improve Strength and Mobility.  The 11th Annual Conference of The Division of Pediatric Orthopaedics and The Kluge Children’s
  32. Rehabilitation Center and Research Institute at the University of Virginia, December 2-3, 2005.
    Management Strategies for Motor Impairments in Children with Neuromuscular Conditions. Charlottesville, VA, December 2nd – 3rd, 2005.
  33. A Primer on the Use of NMES for Therapeutic and Functional Application:  NMES for Strength Training in Children with Neuromuscular Disorders:  2004 Missouri Physical Therapy Association Spring Conference, Lake of the Ozarks, MO, April 16-18, 2004.
  34. NMES for Strength Training in Children with Spastic Diplegic Cerebral Palsy.  Shriners Hospitals for Children Annual Cerebral Palsy Conference. – Strategies to Improve Quality of Care for the Child with Cerebral Palsy. Shriners Hospitals for Children, Philadelphia, PA, April 11, 2003.
  35. Voluntary Activation, Contractile and Fatigue Characteristics of Quadriceps Femoris and Triceps Surae Muscles in Children with and without Cerebral Palsy.  Temple University Neuroscience Seminar Series. Philadelphia, PA, October 25, 2002.
  36. Optimization of Isotonic Performance of Human Skeletal Muscle.  The Society for Physical Regulation in Biology and Medicine, 19th Annual Meeting, Miami, FL, January 5-8, 2000.
  37. Optimization of Isotonic Performance of Human Skeletal Muscle.  American Physical Therapy Association – Pennsylvania Chapter Research Seminar Series, Magee Rehabilitation Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, October 13, 1999.
  38. Optimization of Isotonic Performance of Human Skeletal Muscle.  Research Seminar Series, University of Pennsylvania, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, July 23, 1999.
  39. Variable-frequency Train Activation of Human Quadriceps Femoris Muscle During Isotonic Contractions:  Burst Modulation. Research Seminar Series, Cleveland, OH, May 26, 1999.

Current Graduate Students

PhD Students:
Reza Khoeilar, MS, PhD student, Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Delaware, 2014 – present.
Ahad Behoodi, MS, PhD student, Biomechanics and Movement Science Program, University of Delaware, 2013 – present.
Anastasia Zarkou, PT, MS, PhD student, Biomechanics and Movement Science Program, University of Delaware, 2011 – present.
Nicole Zahradka, MS, PhD student, Biomechanics and Movement Science Program, University of Delaware, 2010 – present.

Interns:
Laura Prosser, MSPT, PhD student, Temple University, Department of Physical Therapy, Philadelphia, PA, Fall 2005 – Spring 2006. Resulted in the peer-reviewed paper: Johnston TE, Prosser LA, Lee SCK.  Differences in Pedal Forces during Recumbent Cycling in Adolescents with and without Cerebral Palsy, Clinical Biomechanics, 2008, 23(2):248-51. Epub 2007 Oct 22. PMID: 17950505
Greta Von der Luft, PT, Med, PhD student, Temple University, Department of Physical Therapy, Philadelphia, PA, Fall, 2002.

Dissertation and Thesis Committees

Elena Kikkoni, MS (committee),  Biomechanics and Movement Science, 2014, University of  Delaware, Newark, DE.
Project Title: The effects of body weight support system (BWSS) training
Advisor: Cole Galloway

Mohamad Shafiee Motahar,  MS (committee),  Mechanical Engineering, 2014, University of  Delaware, Newark, DE.
Project Title: Locomotion controllers for cooperative human-humanoid object transportation.
Advisor: Ioannis Poulakakis

David Clizbe, MS (committee),  Department of Health Nutrition & Exercise Sciences, 2008-2011, University of Delaware, Newark, DE.
Project Title: Hand Function Deficits in People with Spastic Diplegia Cerebral Palsy.
Advisor: Nancy Getchell

Ann Tokay, MSPT, PhD Student. (advisee), Department of Physical Therapy, 2006 – 2011, University of Delaware, Newark, DE.
Project Title: The Feasibility of Using Functional Electrical Stimulation Assisted Cycling in Children with Cerebral Palsy
Awards: APTA Foundation for PT Promotion of Doctoral Studies II Scholarship 2008-2009, $15,000.

Laura Prosser, MSPT, PhD Student. (co-advisee), Department of Physical Therapy, 2007 – present, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA.
Project Title: Trunk And Hip Muscle Activation Patters In Early Walkers With And Without Cerebral Palsy.
Awards: Clinical Research Grant, American Physical Therapy Association Section on Pediatrics 2008-2009, $5,000.

Li-Wei Chou, PT, PhD Student., Biomechanics and Movement Science 2001 – present, University of Delaware, Newark, DE.
Project Title: New Strategies To Maintain Paralyzed Muscle Force Output During Repetitive Electrically Elicited Contractions.

Therese Johnston, MSPT, PhD (co-advisee), Department of Physical Therapy, 2000-2006, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA.
Project Title: The Biomechanics Of Cycling In Children With And Without Cerebral Palsy.

Wayne Scott, MPT, PhD- Biomechanics and Movement Science, 1999-2004. University of Delaware, Newark, DE.
Project Title: Electrically Elicited Quadriceps Femoris Muscle Performance In People With Spinal Cord Injury.

Mike Kebaetse, PT, PhD– Biomechanics and Movement Science, 1998-2004. University of Delaware , Newark, DE.
Project Title: Strategies That Improve Skeletal Muscle Performance During Electrically Elicited, Repetitive Non-Isometric Contractions In Healthy Subjects And Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury.

Scott Stackhouse, PT, PhD (co-advisee)- Biomechanics and Movement Science, 1998- 2003. University of Delaware, Newark, DE.
Project Title: Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Of The Quadriceps Femoris And Triceps Surae Muscles In Children With Spastic Diplegic Cerebral Palsy.

Mentored Research Projects

Kari Vander Wiele, Andrea Nichol, Jamie Iwanczewski. Department of Physical Therapy, Arcadia University, Glenside, PA, present.
Project Title: A Systematic Comparison Of The Central Activation Ratio And The Interpolation Technique For Estimating Central Drive:  Issues Of Voluntary Force And Type Of Electrical Stimulus.

Lauren Edwards, Sarah Wright. Department Of Physical Therapy, Arcadia University, Glenside, PA, Present.
Project Title: “Strength Training In Children With CP: Relationships Of Strength To Function.”

Heather Boyd, Jared Hoover, Kristin Lowe. Department of Physical Therapy, Arcadia University, Glenside, PA, present.
Project Title: The Development Of A Cardiovascular Fitness Assessment Protocol During Stationary Cycling In Children With And Without Cerebral Palsy – A Pilot Study.

Stephanie McBride, DPT and Patricia Young-Swiderski, DPT. Department of Physical Therapy, Arcadia University, Glenside, PA,
2004.
Project Title: The Development Of A Cardiovascular Fitness Assessment Protocol During Stationary Cycling In Children With And Without Cerebral Palsy: A Pilot Study.

M. Bhowmil, M. Ginder, J., Greising, M., Kleinberg, D. Lind. Department of Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 2004.
Project Title: Instrumented Bike Pedals for Use In Functional Electric Stimulation. Submitted to Dr. Allon Guez, Dr. Samuel C.K. Lee and the Senior Design Project Committee of the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department of Drexel University.

Chris Gorrell, DPT Department of Physical Therapy, Arcadia University, Glenside, PA, 2003.
Research Project: Muscle Contractile And Activation Characteristics Of Children With And Without Spastic Diplegic Cerebral Palsy.

Kristine N. Yapsuga, DPT; Kristine M. Larson, DPT. Department of Physical Therapy, Arcadia University, Glenside, PA, 2003.
Research Project: Reliability Of Methods To Assess Voluntary Activation, Contractile Properties And Fatigability Of The Quadriceps Femoris Muscle In Healthy Adults.

Kevin Banks, MSPT; Matt Muskett, MSPT; Bob Gieringer, MSPT; Department of Physical Therapy, Arcadia University,
Glenside, PA, 2002.
Project Title: Comparison Of Two Methods To Estimate Central Activation Of The Quadriceps Femoris Muscle In Healthy Adults.

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