ENTO 201 - EXAM 2
October 22, 2001 Name: __________________________________
ILLEGIBLE ANSWERS WILL NOT BE GRADED
Read directions and questions carefully. Think before you respond. GOOD LUCK.
FILL-INS (10 pts each question). Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word or words to make the sentence or statement complete. Answer in the context of the course. Use back of page if more space is needed.
HONESTY IS EXPECTED!
Biodiversity exists at several levels - _________________ is the variety of different organisms within a region (such as a field of wild flowers) and __________________ is within an area (such as a forest or estuary). In what type of world forest do we find the greatest biodiversity ? ________________________________. The historical rate of extinction of approximately 1 species per _______________ is now estimated as _____per____________ due in large part to high human population in developing countries and extensive use of ________________ plus production of high amounts of ______________ often causing pollution by humans in developed countries.
2. The worlds human population reached ___ billion in _________(what year) having doubled in _______ years. At current growth rate of __________ it will double again in _________ years. We know this because the sex-age pyramid for most developing countries is ____________________ in shape; such countries are in stage ________ of the demographic transition meaning ____________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. The agricultural revolution beginning some 10,000 years ago resulted in __________
increase in the human population until the _________________________ beginning some 500 years ago. The human population reached 1 billion in __________ (what year?) After China, the next two most populous countries in the world are _________________ and ________________. Besides actual numbers of humans describe how population load (ecological footprint) threatens biodiversity.
4. Kellert's scale of different human attitudes towards animals includes three major responses (other than neutral). Name one __________________________ and describe how a person with this attitude views animals:
What are some indirect values of animals?
What do we mean that humans should value animals for ethical reasons?
5. Using the grey wolf or grizzly bear describe the economic value for each category:
Direct consumptive value __________________________________________________
Umbrella species _________________________________________________________
Indirect value ____________________________________________________________
Option value _____________________________________________________________
Ecoterrorism value ________________________________________________________
6. How would Garrett Hardin's "Tragedy of the Commons" apply to biodiversity?
Will human selfishness save biodiversity? If not what might?
7. Name an extinct bird __________________and an extinct mammal ___________.
At the end of the cretaceous _____________ (about ________ million years ago) what life form went extinct? _____________________. When was the Pleistocene extinction d _____________ and what_______________________ organisms vanished during it?
Name a locally extinct animal ____________________ and a locally threatened animal population __________________. Is the last animal listed rare? YES or NO (Circle one). Why is being rare a condition of vulnerability to extinction?
8. Two dominant worldview points are that humans dominate over nature and the natural environment/animal & plant species are resources for humans - what is the deep ecology concept of these two points? [Don't just use the words -explain your answer]
If humans adopted a more ecological viewpoint, the use of a species as a resource would likely benefit __________________________ while the costs would more likely be met by _______________________________. Explain this statement.
9. A major threat to biodiversity is loss of ____________________; the growing human population also threatens biodiversity - what two things could be done for woman in
developing countries to reduce the human population growth rate ___________________ and __________________________. Many people want to help conserve biodiversity but don't know how - give two example of misperceptions humans hold _____________ ___________________________ and ____________________________. Explain how education regarding one of these misperceptions might improve conservation.
10. Define three (3) of these terms with an example - DO ONLY 3
Functional diversity CITES Ecotourism
Biocentric viewpoint endemic species Malthusian population control